Introduction
Zika virus
is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947
in rhesus monkeys through a monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. It was
subsequently identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of
Tanzania. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the
Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
Signs and Symptoms
The
incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) of Zika virus disease is
not clear, but is likely to be a few days. The symptoms are similar to other
arbovirus infections such as dengue, and include fever, skin rashes,
conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, and headache. These symptoms
are usually mild and last for 2-7 days.
Transmission
Zika virus is transmitted to
people through the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus,
mainly Aedes aegypti in tropical regions. This is the same mosquito that
transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. However, sexual transmission of
Zika virus has is also possible. Other modes of transmission such as blood
transfusion and perinatal transmission are currently being investigated.
Zika virus disease outbreaks were
reported for the first time from the Pacific in 2007 and 2013 (Yap and French
Polynesia, respectively), and in 2015 from the Americas (Brazil and Colombia)
and Africa (Cabo Verde). In total, 64 countries and territories have reported
transmission of Zika virus since 1 January 2007.
Key facts about Zika Virus
- Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes.
- People with Zika virus disease can have symptoms that can include mild fever, skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache. These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days.
- There is no specific treatment or vaccine currently available.
- The best form of prevention is protection against mosquito bites.
- The virus is known to circulate in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.
Treatment
Zika virus disease is usually
relatively mild and requires no specific treatment. People sick with Zika virus
should get plenty of rest, drink enough fluids, and treat pain and fever with
common medicines. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice.
There is currently no vaccine available.
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